Bahrain's
Shiaa are believed to be living in a historic injustice, as they
Mgosaion of power and wealth, even though they are the majority.Despite
the openness of the system of government on the Shiites, with the
assumption of King Hamad bin Isa governance, and the launch of his
reform, this did not prevent the existence of some of the tension
between the parties.
Pave: Characterized by Bahrain for the GCC Basmtin other two: first, that the installation of sectarian abuse for what is in these countries, majority of Bahrain's population are Shiite, and Sunni minority.The second feature is that the political movement and the movement of the opposition in Bahrain is the oldest and most active among these countries. Although the currents of liberal and leftist opposition participated in, but the Shiites represent the material's main opposition, the basic engine. Has entered the Shiites for decades in a conflict with the Sunni regime, and engaged in many acts of collective protest.The impact of the victory of the Iranian Islamic revolution in 1979, in Bahrain's Shiites, since emerged, including a stream of revolutionary, taking calls for overthrow Sunni regime and replace it with a Republican, an Islamic-style regime in Iran, and it was this current represented by "Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain."However, the relationship between Shiaa forces and the ruling system in Bahrain has seen its worst during the nineties, and reached the tension between the two peaks at the end of the year 1994, following a popular protest movement Shiite demanding reform and equal rights and a return to the Constitution of 1973, during which clashes with the government, which lasted until the year 1998.Government's response was harsh and violent .. It was detention of thousands of protesters, and torturing them .. Have also been arrested several opposition leaders, such as Sheikh Ali Salman, Abdul Ameer Jamri, and Haidar Elstree, and Abdel Wahab Hussein.However, this relationship has seen a radical shift with the assumption of Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa to power in 1999, and the launch of his reform.
Despite the openness that witnessed the relationship between Shia forces and the ruling regime in the Kingdom of Bahrain, this did not prevent the existence of some of the tension between the opposition Shiite and Sunni rule, by the rejection of the first (the Shiite opposition) for the constitutional amendments made in 2002.It seems that Shiaa forces finally realized that he must live with the system of minority rule. Also convinced that the system must expand the scope of participation in the Shiite political life, and in state institutions. But what will guide the future relationship between them is how to deal with the Shi'ite demands better share in power and wealth together.
Demographic / religious: Shiaa constitute a majority of the population, with estimates ranging between 60 and 80 per cent of the total population, (which has almost 725 thousand people).
The report, "Religious Freedom in the World", issued by the U.S. State Department in 2006, is estimated to account for about 70 per cent of the population of citizens, like the report "The challenge sectarian in Bahrain", issued by the international community to address the crisis (ICG) in Brussels.Bahrain, Shiites, Shiites Kajuanhm Eastern Region in Saudi Arabia; they belong to the same assets, and who share the same date, and follow the same doctrine, an Imami.There are Shiites in Bahrain are of Persian origin, who are estimated to number between 25 and 30 per cent of the total population. However, the Shiite Arabs make up the majority Shiite community, and home to most villages and rural areas.There is no Shiaa Bahrain reference the tradition of a resident, they follow the terms of reference abroad, most notably: Ayatollah Ali Khamenei in Iran, Grand Ayatollah Ali Sistani in Iraq, Ayatollah Muhammad Taqi al-Din school in Karbala, and Ayatollah Sadiq Shirazi in Qom, and Ayatollah Mohammed Hussein Fadlallah in Lebanon.In 2004, a group of prominent scientists Shiites in Bahrain, "the Muslim Council of Secular", a religious institution like the top of the Shiites, informally.Shiaa and practiced religious ceremonies and rituals without restrictions, as Bahrain is the only Gulf states, which take on a national holiday of Ashura.And affiliated to the Ministry of Islamic Affairs "Council of Religious Endowments Jaafari," who oversees the endowments of the Shiite community. Shiaa also invoked in cases of family and personal status in the courts of a Jaafari.With regard to education, public schools of religious education to Sunni Islam (Maliki), while the rejects (the government) claims Shiite Jaafari also taught the doctrine. But in 2002 was founded the first school taught the doctrine Jaafari.Government funds and oversees and monitors all official religious institutions, Sunni and Shiite. In the past few years the Ministry of Information banned books of Sunni clerics from the Shiite gain.There are no restrictions on the number of Shiites who want the pilgrimage to the holy Shiite shrines in Iraq or Syria or Iran, although the authorities monitor those who are continuing their study of religion in Iran, according to what is stated in some reports.
Indeed, the political / social: Reflected the political reforms to put the Shiites in Bahrain, who have increased their role in political life, and emerged from many political associations that represent the attitudes and demands, in particular the formation of parties that did not allow him in Bahrain so far.Among the most prominent of these associations, the association "Islamic National Accord", which was founded in 2001, and is headed by Sheikh Ali Salman, the largest opposition political societies in Bahrain, and classified as moderate in their demands and methods of work, and is an extension of the movement of "free Bahrain Islamic."In addition to the association "Islamic action," which was founded in 2002, and is headed by Sheikh Mohammad Ali saved, and an extension "of the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain"; as well as the association "Muslim League" which was founded in 2001, and is headed by Mohammed Ali Elstree, who was appointed in 2002 as Minister of Municipal Affairs ; as well as the association "national brotherhood" that represents the Shiite Persian origins, which was founded in 2004.He received the Shiites in the municipal elections held in 2002 to 23 seats, while the harvest year, 27 seats. In the same year was the first legislative elections since the restoration of the constitution, the National Accord Association boycotted by Shia, because of its reservation on the constitutional amendments that give the Shura Council (appointed) authority over the powers of the House of Representatives (elected).He said Ali Salman, the Shura Council a tool like a parliamentary challenge from the representation of the majority Shiites in Bahrain have fair representation in parliamentary life.Participated in these elections Shiites are independent, and candidates for the Assembly of Muslim League.But the Association of National Accord came back and participated in the elections that took place in late 2006, and obtained 17 seats of the total seats in parliament.In the last government which was formed in December / December 2006, such as the Shiites four ministerial posts; Venzar Baharna, who is close to an association of national reconciliation, he was appointed Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Majeed al-Alawi Minister of Labour, and Abdul Hussain Mirza, Minister of Oil and Gas Affairs, the first Bahraini minister of Iranian origin. For the first time in the history of Bahrain occupies a Shiite, is a broad Jawad Salim, deputy prime minister.However, the report notes, "religious freedom in the world" that the Shiites in Bahrain continue to suffer from government discrimination against them in certain areas; Valavdilah in government offices and sensitive given for the year, and the top jobs, in some locations, the preserve of the year; such as the Ministry of Interior and defense.The consensus is that the issue of "naturalization" is one of the more issues that raise tensions between Shiites and power.Shiiaa believe that the policy of random naturalization, in violation of regulations and royal decrees followed by the government, is "an attempt to change the demographic composition for the benefit of the year."Naturalization have been 40 thousand people Bahraini nationality of nationals of 45 countries have settled in the Kingdom, including 7,300 during 2003 and 2004. The report of the international community to address the crisis, shall be increased to the number of naturalized between 50 thousand and 60 thousand people.Has become the parliamentary session of Bahrain on May 25 / May 2004 to disputes and scuffles between Sunni lawmakers defenders of naturalization, and the Shiites opposed to the randomness and lack of coverage for many of the stateless Shia people of Iranian origin, and settled years ago in the capital Manama and Muharraq.Although the reform project that are going well with Bahrain since King Hamad came to power has fostered an atmosphere of coexistence and civil peace in the country, some of the sediment is still latent sectarianism.The report noted "in the Gulf 2005-2006 ', to be issued by the Gulf Research Center in the Emirate of Dubai, to the emergence of some of the sectarian strife in recent times, as in the observance of the Shiite Ashura in March / March 2005, after raising them pictures of religious leaders abroad, including Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei in Iran, as well as raise the flags of Hezbollah and Iran.
The case of economic: Shiaa feel they are marginalized in terms of economic and social development and that their areas and their communities dominated by poverty and poor services.The unemployment was a major factor in the generation of discontent with the Shiite community. Unemployment, according to official bodies, up to about 15 per cent, but the actual figure is much higher, especially among young Shiites, according to international reports.To understand the size of the problem of unemployment, we should point out that the State is the largest operator in Bahrain. There are reports indicating that the Shiites dominate the labor force of some ministries, such as health and industry.In the private sector works Shiites in occupations low-skill, low-paid, less than BD 200 per month (about 530 U.S. dollars), less than the minimum for a household of two people, set by the Ministry of Labour, and of 350 dinars.
Pave: Characterized by Bahrain for the GCC Basmtin other two: first, that the installation of sectarian abuse for what is in these countries, majority of Bahrain's population are Shiite, and Sunni minority.The second feature is that the political movement and the movement of the opposition in Bahrain is the oldest and most active among these countries. Although the currents of liberal and leftist opposition participated in, but the Shiites represent the material's main opposition, the basic engine. Has entered the Shiites for decades in a conflict with the Sunni regime, and engaged in many acts of collective protest.The impact of the victory of the Iranian Islamic revolution in 1979, in Bahrain's Shiites, since emerged, including a stream of revolutionary, taking calls for overthrow Sunni regime and replace it with a Republican, an Islamic-style regime in Iran, and it was this current represented by "Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain."However, the relationship between Shiaa forces and the ruling system in Bahrain has seen its worst during the nineties, and reached the tension between the two peaks at the end of the year 1994, following a popular protest movement Shiite demanding reform and equal rights and a return to the Constitution of 1973, during which clashes with the government, which lasted until the year 1998.Government's response was harsh and violent .. It was detention of thousands of protesters, and torturing them .. Have also been arrested several opposition leaders, such as Sheikh Ali Salman, Abdul Ameer Jamri, and Haidar Elstree, and Abdel Wahab Hussein.However, this relationship has seen a radical shift with the assumption of Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa to power in 1999, and the launch of his reform.
Despite the openness that witnessed the relationship between Shia forces and the ruling regime in the Kingdom of Bahrain, this did not prevent the existence of some of the tension between the opposition Shiite and Sunni rule, by the rejection of the first (the Shiite opposition) for the constitutional amendments made in 2002.It seems that Shiaa forces finally realized that he must live with the system of minority rule. Also convinced that the system must expand the scope of participation in the Shiite political life, and in state institutions. But what will guide the future relationship between them is how to deal with the Shi'ite demands better share in power and wealth together.
Demographic / religious: Shiaa constitute a majority of the population, with estimates ranging between 60 and 80 per cent of the total population, (which has almost 725 thousand people).
The report, "Religious Freedom in the World", issued by the U.S. State Department in 2006, is estimated to account for about 70 per cent of the population of citizens, like the report "The challenge sectarian in Bahrain", issued by the international community to address the crisis (ICG) in Brussels.Bahrain, Shiites, Shiites Kajuanhm Eastern Region in Saudi Arabia; they belong to the same assets, and who share the same date, and follow the same doctrine, an Imami.There are Shiites in Bahrain are of Persian origin, who are estimated to number between 25 and 30 per cent of the total population. However, the Shiite Arabs make up the majority Shiite community, and home to most villages and rural areas.There is no Shiaa Bahrain reference the tradition of a resident, they follow the terms of reference abroad, most notably: Ayatollah Ali Khamenei in Iran, Grand Ayatollah Ali Sistani in Iraq, Ayatollah Muhammad Taqi al-Din school in Karbala, and Ayatollah Sadiq Shirazi in Qom, and Ayatollah Mohammed Hussein Fadlallah in Lebanon.In 2004, a group of prominent scientists Shiites in Bahrain, "the Muslim Council of Secular", a religious institution like the top of the Shiites, informally.Shiaa and practiced religious ceremonies and rituals without restrictions, as Bahrain is the only Gulf states, which take on a national holiday of Ashura.And affiliated to the Ministry of Islamic Affairs "Council of Religious Endowments Jaafari," who oversees the endowments of the Shiite community. Shiaa also invoked in cases of family and personal status in the courts of a Jaafari.With regard to education, public schools of religious education to Sunni Islam (Maliki), while the rejects (the government) claims Shiite Jaafari also taught the doctrine. But in 2002 was founded the first school taught the doctrine Jaafari.Government funds and oversees and monitors all official religious institutions, Sunni and Shiite. In the past few years the Ministry of Information banned books of Sunni clerics from the Shiite gain.There are no restrictions on the number of Shiites who want the pilgrimage to the holy Shiite shrines in Iraq or Syria or Iran, although the authorities monitor those who are continuing their study of religion in Iran, according to what is stated in some reports.
Indeed, the political / social: Reflected the political reforms to put the Shiites in Bahrain, who have increased their role in political life, and emerged from many political associations that represent the attitudes and demands, in particular the formation of parties that did not allow him in Bahrain so far.Among the most prominent of these associations, the association "Islamic National Accord", which was founded in 2001, and is headed by Sheikh Ali Salman, the largest opposition political societies in Bahrain, and classified as moderate in their demands and methods of work, and is an extension of the movement of "free Bahrain Islamic."In addition to the association "Islamic action," which was founded in 2002, and is headed by Sheikh Mohammad Ali saved, and an extension "of the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain"; as well as the association "Muslim League" which was founded in 2001, and is headed by Mohammed Ali Elstree, who was appointed in 2002 as Minister of Municipal Affairs ; as well as the association "national brotherhood" that represents the Shiite Persian origins, which was founded in 2004.He received the Shiites in the municipal elections held in 2002 to 23 seats, while the harvest year, 27 seats. In the same year was the first legislative elections since the restoration of the constitution, the National Accord Association boycotted by Shia, because of its reservation on the constitutional amendments that give the Shura Council (appointed) authority over the powers of the House of Representatives (elected).He said Ali Salman, the Shura Council a tool like a parliamentary challenge from the representation of the majority Shiites in Bahrain have fair representation in parliamentary life.Participated in these elections Shiites are independent, and candidates for the Assembly of Muslim League.But the Association of National Accord came back and participated in the elections that took place in late 2006, and obtained 17 seats of the total seats in parliament.In the last government which was formed in December / December 2006, such as the Shiites four ministerial posts; Venzar Baharna, who is close to an association of national reconciliation, he was appointed Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Majeed al-Alawi Minister of Labour, and Abdul Hussain Mirza, Minister of Oil and Gas Affairs, the first Bahraini minister of Iranian origin. For the first time in the history of Bahrain occupies a Shiite, is a broad Jawad Salim, deputy prime minister.However, the report notes, "religious freedom in the world" that the Shiites in Bahrain continue to suffer from government discrimination against them in certain areas; Valavdilah in government offices and sensitive given for the year, and the top jobs, in some locations, the preserve of the year; such as the Ministry of Interior and defense.The consensus is that the issue of "naturalization" is one of the more issues that raise tensions between Shiites and power.Shiiaa believe that the policy of random naturalization, in violation of regulations and royal decrees followed by the government, is "an attempt to change the demographic composition for the benefit of the year."Naturalization have been 40 thousand people Bahraini nationality of nationals of 45 countries have settled in the Kingdom, including 7,300 during 2003 and 2004. The report of the international community to address the crisis, shall be increased to the number of naturalized between 50 thousand and 60 thousand people.Has become the parliamentary session of Bahrain on May 25 / May 2004 to disputes and scuffles between Sunni lawmakers defenders of naturalization, and the Shiites opposed to the randomness and lack of coverage for many of the stateless Shia people of Iranian origin, and settled years ago in the capital Manama and Muharraq.Although the reform project that are going well with Bahrain since King Hamad came to power has fostered an atmosphere of coexistence and civil peace in the country, some of the sediment is still latent sectarianism.The report noted "in the Gulf 2005-2006 ', to be issued by the Gulf Research Center in the Emirate of Dubai, to the emergence of some of the sectarian strife in recent times, as in the observance of the Shiite Ashura in March / March 2005, after raising them pictures of religious leaders abroad, including Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei in Iran, as well as raise the flags of Hezbollah and Iran.
The case of economic: Shiaa feel they are marginalized in terms of economic and social development and that their areas and their communities dominated by poverty and poor services.The unemployment was a major factor in the generation of discontent with the Shiite community. Unemployment, according to official bodies, up to about 15 per cent, but the actual figure is much higher, especially among young Shiites, according to international reports.To understand the size of the problem of unemployment, we should point out that the State is the largest operator in Bahrain. There are reports indicating that the Shiites dominate the labor force of some ministries, such as health and industry.In the private sector works Shiites in occupations low-skill, low-paid, less than BD 200 per month (about 530 U.S. dollars), less than the minimum for a household of two people, set by the Ministry of Labour, and of 350 dinars.
ليست هناك تعليقات:
إرسال تعليق